Calibration of Refractometer

by Dr. Yashashwini Reddy | Aug 11, 2025

Calibration of Refractometer 1. Introduction A refractometer is used in pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries to measure the refractive index (RI) of liquids, which is related to concentration or purity. Calibration ensures measurement accuracy and compliance...

Calibration Frequency of Instruments and Other Measuring Devices

by Dr. Yashashwini Reddy | Aug 10, 2025

Calibration Frequency of Instruments and Other Measuring Devices In a pharmaceutical GMP environment, calibration frequency is determined based on regulatory guidelines, manufacturer recommendations, risk assessment, and historical performance of the instrument....

Extraneous Peaks in Chromatographic Analysis

by Dr. Yashashwini Reddy | Aug 10, 2025

Extraneous Peaks in Chromatographic Analysis In chromatographic techniques like HPLC and GC, extraneous peaks are unwanted peaks in the chromatogram that are not related to the analyte(s) of interest, mobile phase, or expected impurities. They can distort quantitative...

Working Principle of pH Meter

by Dr. Yashashwini Reddy | Aug 9, 2025

Working Principle of a pH Meter Definition A pH meter is an analytical instrument used to measure the hydrogen ion concentration ([H⁺]) in a solution, expressing it as pH (potential of hydrogen). Principle A pH meter works on the electrochemical principle of measuring...

Different Types of HPLC Detectors

by Dr. Yashashwini Reddy | Aug 9, 2025

Different Types of HPLC Detectors 1. UV/Vis Absorbance Detector Principle: Measures absorbance of analytes at a specific wavelength (Beer-Lambert Law). Types: Fixed Wavelength UV (e.g., 254 nm) Variable Wavelength UV Diode Array Detector (DAD/PDA) – allows spectral...